Chapter Two: The Numbers Don’t Add Up 計算が合わない
Like I explained last time, the pitch accent of a Japanese word consisting of two Hiragana falls into two patterns; low-HIGH or HIGH-low.
(「
Standard Japanese does not have patterns where a word is pronounced HIGH-HIGH or low-low.)
では、パターンはこの2つだけでしょうか?
Then, are there only two patterns?
いいえ、
No, there’sactually 3. “Hashi” (bridge, low-HIGH) and “ame” (rain, low-HIGH) are NOT the same pitch accent.
ええー!?
Wut!?
ジョン「でも、『
John: But they sound exactly the same, low-high and low-high. Are you tone deaf?
Sensei: I am tone deaf, but that’s beside the point. Anyways, let’s try pronouncing them with and without the particle “ga”.
★
ha-SHI
low-HIGH
a-ME
low-HIGH
★
ha-SHI-ga (A-ru)
low-HIGH-low (HIGH-low)
a-ME-GA (A-ru)
low-HIGH-HIGH (HIGH-low)
ジョン「『
John: So, is the ga attached to “hashi” pronounced low whereas the ga attached to “ame” is pronounced high?
Sensei: Right. There are two types; words that have a downstep and words that don’t. Let's take a look at “hana” (flower) and “hana” (nose).
例
★
ha-NA-da
low-HIGH-low
ha-NA-ga (A-ru)
low-HIGH-low (HIGH-low)
★
ha-NA-DA
low-HIGH-HIGH
ha-NA-GA (A-ru)
low-HIGH-HIGH (HIGH-low)
例文 Example sentences
・
・
ジョン「
ジョン「そうだったんですね。てっきりその時の声の調子でそういう風に聞こえるんだと思っていました」
先生「いえいえ、これにはルールがあるんです」
John: So, in isolation, the word “flower” and the word “nose” are pronounced exactly the same. But when the particle ga is attached to them, they sound different; ha-NA-ga/low-HIGH-low (flower) and ha-NA-GA/low-HIGH-HIGH (nose). Like the previous pair, the pitch of the “ga” is not the same.
Sensei: Exactly! Since these two do NOT belong to the same group, you would end up saying a completely different word if you were to get it wrong!
John: Oh, I didn’t know that. I thought it was just the flow of the sentence in the moment that made them sound different.
Sensei: Nuuu >_< There are rules!
『
→『
『
→『
Words that have a downstep, such as “hashi (bridge),” “hana (flower),” etc.
→ “Odaka”
Words that do not have a downstep, such as “ame (candy),” “hana (nose),” etc.
→ “Heiban”
先生「
Sensei: Odaka has a downstep on the last syllable and the particle attached to it is pronounced low: However, heiban doesn’t have a downstep and the particle attached to it is pronounced high. As the word “heiban” means flat, heiban words are pronounced flat, like low-HIGH-HIGH.
★
ya-MA
low-HIGH
→
low-HIGH-low
a-SHI-TA
low-HIGH-HIGH
→
low-HIGH-HIGH-low
a-SHI-TA-da
o-TO-KO
low-HIGH-HIGH
→
o-TO-KO-da
low-HIGH-HIGH-low
★
Heiban examples
to-RI
low-HIGH
→
to-RI-DA
low-HIGH-HIGH
ku-RU-MA
low-HIGH-HIGH
→
ku-RU-MA-DA
low-HIGH-HIGH-HIGH
wa-TA-SHI
low-HIGH-HIGH
→
wa-TA-SHI-DA
low-HIGH-HIGH-HIGH
ジョン「
ジョン「それじゃ、
ジョン「『
ジョン「ややこしいなぁ。なんだかよくわからなくなってきました」
ジョン「わかりました」
John: If I listen to them very carefully, the pitch of the “da” part sounds slightly different. I never noticed it before.
Teacher: Many non-native Japanese speakers read both heiban and odaka in the same way.
John: Then, which group do “hashi (chopsticks)” or “(kami) god” and “ame (rain)” we learned last time belong to?
Sensei: This is also in the same group as odaka, but it’s called atamadaka.
John: The heck is atamadaka??
Sensei: The ones with a downstep are divided into three groups, “atamadaka”, “nakadaka”, and “odaka”, depending on where the downstep is placed.
John: Too complicated for a dummy like me to memorize all those fancy terms. Never trust someone who pours milk in their bowl before the cereal.
Sensei: If it’s too difficult for you, let’s just call them “the ones that have a downstep” and “the flat ones.”
John: Okay.
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